


What is this Web Site all about?My goal in producing this web site is to share experiences, ideas and technical details of Amateur Experimental Rocketry with others around the world who have a similar interest. It is also my dream to help inspire a future generation of rocket engineers and scientists who will some day take us to Mars and beyond... I launched my very first amateur rocket in 1972. Since that time, so very long ago, I've built, tested and flown many rockets, powered by motors which I've developed. Over the duration of this time, I've kept detailed notes of all my work, carefully logged all the flights and other tests, and have taken countless photographs. In this web site, I am presenting at least a portion of my work. In addition to my own efforts, I am including some remarkable work done by others in pursuit of this exciting and challenging avocation. Amateur Experimental Rocketry ?Amateur Experimental Rocketry is, in my humble opinion, one of the most challenging, exciting and educational hobbies. Unlike Model Rocketry or High Power Rocketry, experimental rocketry is an activity whereby rockets are designed and constructed entirely from "scratch". Most components -- including motor and propellant-- are self-made. The goal of Amateur Experimental Rocketry (AER), often simply referred to as Amateur Rocketry or Experimental Rocketry, is to design, build, test and launch rockets. In this context, rocket may refer to the motor itself, or to a complete vehicle that consists of motor, fuselage (and stabilizing devices such as fins), nosecone, and payload. One of the greatest challenges is to develop and build such a motor, one that is safe to produce and operate, reliable, and one that provides predictable and consistent performance. A second big challenge is to develop a recovery system, such as parachute deployment, that operates with a high degree of reliability under the demanding conditions of launch followed by high speed or high altitude flight. Striving to achieve these goals (and many others) and to overcome the inevitable obstacles, is what makes this such a challenging (and at times frustrating) and educational pastime, and one that requires diversified skills combined with a good dose of ingenuity. The outcome of all this, more often than not, is that one learns to genuinely comprehend that which is colloquially known as Rocket Science. It might be said, then, that Model Rocketry and High Power Rocketry are best suited to those who wish to make and fly rockets, and Experimental Rocketry is perhaps best suited to those who rather wish to make rockets fly. Contents of this web site are presented for informational purposes only. Author of this web site cannot assume responsibility for the use readers make of the information presented herein or the devices resulting therefrom. Amateur Experimental Rocketry has many inherent hazards that must be fully understood before one can consider becoming actively involved. Safety must always be considered as top priority. Anything less is a disservice to all Amateur Experimental Rocketry enthusiasts. If you do not have first-rate common sense, or if you are willing to take shortcuts that compromise safety, then AER is not for you. Latest news
April 3, 2008 --I have uploaded my newest webpage (Purification of Low-grade Potassium Nitrate), which explains how potassium nitrate can be purified by a simple recrystallization process. Also, for those interested in building their own electronic load cell as described on my website, I have once again procured a new supply of strain gages which have proven very popular.
Feb.28, 2008 --My Links page has been updated with a link to a fascinating three-part interview in Sport Rocketry magazine in which Vern Estes (and his wife Gleda) describe the "Golden Days" when they started their own company to develop and manufacture hobby rocketry supplies over 50 years ago. Included are detailed descriptions of "Mabel", the ingenious machine that churned out model rocket motors at a rate of one every 5.5 seconds.
Feb.26, 2008 --One of the more interesting chemistry experiments that I have conducted in recent years is the subject of my latest webpage: Synthesis of Potassium Nitrate from Ammonium Nitrate. Made me feel like an alchemist, even if the resulting product was not the "philosopher's stone". Jan.26, 2008 -- My webpage on making Igniters has been updated with the results of some of my latest experiments -- harvesting aluminum powder from paint, and "hot-particle" igniter compounds.
Nov.3, 2007 --The PDF article that I posted a while back "How I Got Started in Rocketry" has now been put into webpage format and illustrated.
Aug.1, 2007 --My Sneak Preview page has been updated with the results from my latest round of rocket motor test firings. July 21, 2007 --In support of the Sugar Shot to Space program, I've recently performed some experiments with the aim of developing a simple, effective ablative liner for rocket motor parts. The results of this experimentation are documented in a new web page, Thermal Ablative Experimentation. Coming in the months ahead...
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General
- Safety Precautions d'usage
- Photo Galleries of Early Rocketry Work, Years 1972-1986
- Rocket Video Clips
May 29/05
- Who is Richard Nakka? Qui suis-je ?
- How I Got Started in Rocketry
How I Got Started in Rocketry (PDF format)
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- Early Rocketry Experiments
QUICK LOADING VERSION
- Rocketry related Technical References
Apr.4/08
- Rocketry software
May.1/07
- Links to Other Interesting Websites
Feb.28//08
- Activities of other AER enthusiasts
- Sneak Preview
Dec.2/07
- Lecture on Rocketry Presented in Luleå, Sweden
Motors
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- B-200 Rocket Motor ("H" Class)
- C-400 Rocket Motor ("I" Class)
- A-100 Rocket Motor ("G" Class)
- A-100M Rocket Motor ("G" Class)
Feb.14/06 Moteur de Fusée d'A-100M
- Kappa Rocket Motor ("K" class)
- Juno Rocket Motor ("J" class) -- Preliminary Design
- Lambda Rocket Motor ("L" class) -- Preliminary Design
- Juno Rocket Motor -- Static Test JDX-001 Report
- Lambda Rocket Motor -- Static Test LDX-001 Report
- PVC Rocket Motors -- Introduction and Performance ("G", "H", & "I" motors)
- PVC Rocket Motors -- Design
- PVC Rocket Motors --Tools
- PVC Rocket Motors --Construction
- PVC Rocket Motors -- Igniters, Mounts & Conclusion
- PVC Rocket Motors -- Introduction & Performance ("J/K" Class motors)
- PVC Rocket Motors - Tools,Construction & Conclusion ("J/K" Class motors)
- K1000 PVC Rocket Motor
June 16/04
- F70 PVC Rocket Motor
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- Kappa ("K" class) rocket motor -- preliminary design
- Kappa-DX rocket motor -- Static Test KDX-001 Report
- Kappa-DX rocket motor -- Static Test KDX-002 Report
- Kappa-SB rocket motor -- Static Test KSB-001 Report
- Kappa-SB rocket motor -- Static Test KSB-002 Report
- Epoch rocket motor ("I" Class composite)
- Paradigm rocket motor ("J" Class composite)
Sept.3/06
- Calculation of Total and Specific Impulse from Test Data
- Igniters & Ignition Systems
Jan.26/08
- Nitrate-based igniters for composite propellant
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- Case-bonding of a High-Modulus Propellant Grain
- Thermal Protection for Rocket Motor Casings
- Rocket Motor Design Charts -- Chamber Pressure
- Thermal Ablative Experimentation
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- Rocket Motor Design Charts -- Chamber Pressure
- Machining of Rocket Nozzles
Dec.2/07
- Reinforcement Method for PVC Motor Casings
- Thermite Experiments
Propellants
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- Amateur Experimental Solid Propellants
- The Potassium Nitrate/Sucrose Propellant (KNSU)
July 15/06
- The Potassium Nitrate/Dextrose Propellant (KNDX)
July 15/06
- The Potassium Nitrate/Sorbitol Propellant (KNSB)
May 1/07
- KNSU Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics
- KNDX Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics
- KNSB Propellant Chemistry and Performance Characteristics
- The Potassium Nitrate/Epoxy Composite Propellant (RNX)
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Apr.16/04
- Propellant Casting and Grain Preparation for the A-100M Motor
- INERT Propellant
- Propellant Burn Rate
- Burn Rate Determination from a Pressure-time Trace
- Strand Burner for Burn Rate Measurements
- KN-Dextrose & KN-Sorbitol Propellants -- Burn Rate Experimentation
- Effect of Potassium Nitrate Grade on Propellant Performance
- The KN-Sucrose Propellant -- A Historical Look Back
- Problems relating to the casting of sleeve-bonded propellant segments
for the Kappa-DX rocket motor Static Test KDX-001- Propellant Igniteability Experiment
- Propellant Inhibitor Experiment
- Experiments with Potassium Nitrate - Epoxy Formulations
- Burn Characteristics of Sorbitol Based Propellants
- Experiments with Oxides and other possible Burn Rate Modifiers
- Synthesis of Potassium Nitrate from Ammonium Nitrate
- Purification of Low-grade Potassium Nitrate
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Testing
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- Rocket Motor Static Testing
- STS-5000 Static Test Stand
- Hydraulic Load Cell for Thrust measurement
- Strain Gage Load Cell for Thrust measurement
Aug.31/06
- Mounting Strain Gages on a Loadcell
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- Pressure Transformer
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Rockets
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- Launch Report -Frostfire 3 Rocket
- Launch Report -SkyDart Rocket, Flight SD-1
- Launch Report -SkyDart Rocket, Flight SD-2
- Launch Report -SkyDart Rocket, Flight SD-3
- Launch Report -Frostfire Two Rocket
- Launch Report -Zephyr Rocket, Flight Ze-1
- Launch Report -Zephyr Rocket, Flight Ze-2
- Launch Report -Zephyr Rocket, Flight Ze-3
- Boreas 1 Rocket
- Launch Report -- Epoch Rocket Motor (unofficial) Inaugural Flight
- Launch Report - Boreas 1 Inaugural Flight
- Launch Report - Boreas 1, Flight #2
- Launch Report - Boreas 1, Flight #3
- Launch Report - Boreas 1, Flight #4
- Launch Report - Boreas 1, Flight #5
- Launch Report - Frostfire One
- Cirrus Project
- Cirrus One Launch Report
- Cirrus TV-1 Launch Report
- Launch Report - Chuck Knight's Photo1 Rocket
- Rocket Construction
- Fins for Rocket Stability
- Construction of a Rocket Fuselage using sheet aluminum
- Fuselage Structural Strength
- Launch Support System
- Radio Transmitter
- EMT Tripod Rocket Launcher
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- Simplified Method for Estimating the Flight Performance of a Rocket
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Recovery system
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- Rocket Parachute Ejection System -- Zephyr, Boreas and Frostfire series (schematic)
- Rocket Recovery System Timer
- Air-Speed Triggering System for Parachute Deployment
Oct.14/06
- Rocket Altimeter System
Sept.3/06
- Parachute Recovery System
- Parachute Design and Construction
- Parts List (parachute construction)
- Parachute Structural and Drag Testing
- Cross Parachute Construction
- Construction of a 1 metre Cross Parachute
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- Crimson Powder for Parachute Ejection Charge
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- Pyrogen - Delay Ejection Device (Pyro-DED)
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Theory
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- Introduction to Solid Rocket Motor Theory
- Basic Assumptions
- Propellant Grain
- Propellant Combustion
- Nozzle Theory
- Motor Thrust
- Motor Impulse
- Chamber Pressure
- Two-Phase Flow
- Corrections for Actual Rocket Motors
- GUIPEP Propellant Performance Software
- Theory Appendices
- Solid Rocket Motor Theory webpages in PDF format
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- Spanish Translation of Theory Webpages
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- Théorie des moteurs de fusée à propulseur solide
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- Derivation of Selected Rocket Equations
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Miscellaneous
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- Construction of a Balance Scale for precision weighing
- Experimental Reports
- Technical Notepad #1 -- KNSU Ideal Performance Calculations
- Technical Notepad #2 -- KNDX Ideal Performance Calculations
- Technical Notepad #3 -- KNSB Ideal Performance Calculations
- Technical Notepad #4 - Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation
- Technical Notepad #5 -- KNER Ideal Performance Calculations
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- Downloads
Jan.6/07
- Spanish translation of several articles featured on my website
- Arabic translation of Solid Propellant Rocket Motor Design and Testing by R.Nakka (translation by Mohamed Elaouni)
(PDF format)
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- Links to over 100 NASA Space Vehicle Design (SP8000) Reports
- Links to Selected STINET Reports
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- Moonwalk Audio Recording
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Contact address:
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371 Orton Park Road, Unit 52
Toronto, Ontario
Canada M1G 3V1
If you have any questions or comments
feel free to send me e-mail (rnakka2@rogers.com)
Include the word "rocketry" in the subject line to ensure your e-mail gets past my spam filter
Reports of broken links or viewing, graphics, & downloading problems are much appreciated !
This site last updated May 7, 2008
Originally posted July 1997
"A man's reach should exceed his grasp...else, what's the heavens for?"